![]() ![]() For the rest of the major and minor keys, he left us the attributes but not list of pieces. PNAS, published online Janudoi: 10.1073/pnas.The Tempest by Ivan Aivazovsky Credit: our earlier series on C major and minor and G major and minor, we listed Ernst Pauer’s suggestions from 1876 of pieces that fit the particular affect he assigned for a key. What music makes us feel: At least 13 dimensions organize subjective experiences associated with music across different cultures. ![]() The study authors also translated the data into an interactive audio map, where visitors can move their cursors to listen to any of thousands of music snippets to find out, among other things, if their emotional reactions match how people from different cultures respond to the music.Īlan S. “Positive and negative values, known in psychology parlance as ‘valence,’ are more culture-specific. “People from different cultures can agree that a song is angry, but can differ on whether that feeling is positive or negative,” Cowen said. and Chinese study participants identified similar emotions, they differed on whether those emotions made them feel good or bad. Meanwhile, heavy metal was widely viewed as defiant and, just as its composer intended, the shower scene score from the movie ‘Psycho’ triggered fear. Al Green’s ‘Let’s Stay Together’ evoked sensuality and Israel Kamakawiwoole’s ‘Somewhere over the Rainbow’ elicited joy. The Clash’s ‘Rock the Casbah’ pumped them up. Vivaldi’s ‘Four Seasons’ made people feel energized. Their responses validated the 13 categories. The volunteers rated 138 additional Western and 189 traditional Chinese music samples that were specifically intended to evoke variations in valence and arousal. To ensure the accuracy of these findings, the team recruited 580 new participants from the U.S. Using statistical analyses, the scientists arrived at 13 overall categories of experience that were preserved across cultures and found to correspond to specific feelings. and 895 from China each rated some 40 music samples based on 28 different categories of emotion, as well as on a scale of positivity and negativity, and for levels of arousal. From those, the researchers built a diverse library of 1,841 music samples. participants scanned thousands of videos on YouTube for music evoking a variety of emotions. ![]() and China recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and a multi-institutional participant pool.įirst, 111 U.S. The study involved more than 2,500 people in the U.S. ![]() “We have rigorously documented the largest array of emotions that are universally felt through the language of music,” said University of California, Berkeley’s Professor Dacher Keltner. “We wanted to take an important first step toward solving the mystery of how music can evoke so many nuanced emotions.” “Music is a universal language, but we don’t always pay enough attention to what it’s saying and how it’s being understood,” said Alan Cowen, a doctoral student in the Department of Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. What is not well understood is how music evokes feelings in listeners Performers across cultures can convey intense feelings with songs and instruments of different kinds and often do so by relying on acoustic features and associated percepts - such as pitch, loudness, pace - characteristic of the human vocal expression of emotion and of speech. Image credit: Cowen et al, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1910704117.Ĭentral to the meaning of music are the subjective experiences that it evokes. Cowen et al mapped 13 key emotions triggered when we listen to music. ![]()
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